Benchmark: Please ignore this benchmark

HTML Preparation code:

<!--your preparation HTML code goes here-->
<h1>Concepts</h1>
<div id="log"></div>

Script Preparation code:

/*
 * These functions are related to the "Concepts" section, and are unrelated to
 * the benchmark. Please find the "Actual Benchmark" section under the
 * "Concepts" section below. */

function fixUI() {
  const iFrame = window.frameElement;
  if (iFrame) {
    console.log(iFrame.tagName);
    iFrame.style.width = "100%";
    iFrame.style.minHeight = "50vh";
  }
}

fixUI();

const messageWidth = 40;

function logValue(message, value) {
  const spanMessage = document.createElement("span");
  spanMessage.append(message);

  const spanSpace = document.createElement("span");
  if (message.length < messageWidth) {
    spanSpace.append(" ".repeat(messageWidth - message.length));
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  const spanSlashSlash = document.createElement("span");
  spanSlashSlash.append("// ");

  const spanValue = document.createElement("span");
  spanValue.append(value);

  const divLine = document.createElement("div");
  divLine.style.fontFamily = "monospace";
  divLine.style.whiteSpace = "pre";
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  divLine.append(spanSpace);
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  divLine.style.fontFamily = "monospace";
  divLine.style.whiteSpace = "pre";

  const spanMessage1 = document.createElement("span");
  spanMessage1.append(message1);
  divLine.append(spanMessage1);

  if (undefined !== message2) {
    if (message1.length < messageWidth) {
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      spanSpace.append(" ".repeat(messageWidth - message1.length));
      divLine.append(spanSpace);
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    const spanSlashSlash = document.createElement("span");
    spanSlashSlash.append("// ");
    divLine.append(spanSlashSlash);

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    spanMessage2.append(message2);
    divLine.append(spanMessage2);
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  const divLog = document.querySelector("div#log");
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}

function logSeparator() {
  const divLine = document.createElement("div");
  divLine.style.fontFamily = "monospace";
  divLine.style.whiteSpace = "pre";
  divLine.append("-".repeat(80));

  const divLog = document.querySelector("div#log");
  divLog.appendChild(divLine);
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* ******** *
 * Concepts *
 * ******** */

logMessage("Please make sure you understand these results before moving on");
logValue(`[1,2].toString()`,        [1,2].toString());          // 1,2
logValue(`[3,4].toString()`,        [3,4].toString());          // 3,4
logValue(`{a:1,b:2}.toString()`,    {a:1,b:2}.toString());      // [object Object]
logValue(`{a:3,b:4}.toString()`,    {a:3,b:4}.toString());      // [object Object]
logValue(`[1,2] === [1,2]`,         [1,2] === [1,2]);           // false
logValue(`{a:1,b:2} === {a:1,b:2}`, {a:1,b:2} === {a:1,b:2});   // false
logSeparator();

logMessage("These are keys for the following demonstrations");
const arr45 = [4, 5]; logMessage("const arr45 = [4,5];");
const obj89 = { a: 8, b: 9 }; logMessage("const obj89 = {a:8,b:9};");
logSeparator();

logMessage("Keys of an object are coerced into their string representations");
const m1 = {};      logMessage("const m1 = {};");
m1[-1] = 0;         logMessage("m1[-1] = 0;",           `m1["-1"] = 0`);
m1[0] = 10;         logMessage("m1[0] = 10;",           `m1["0"] = 10`);
m1[10] = 20;        logMessage("m1[10] = 20;",          `m1["10"] = 20`);
m1[[2,3]] = 30;     logMessage("m1[[2,3]] = 30;",       `m1["2,3"] = 30`);
m1[arr45] = 40;     logMessage("m1[arr45] = 40;",       `m1["4,5"] = 40`);
m1[{a:6,b:7}] = 50; logMessage("m1[{a:6,b:7}] = 50;",   `m1["[object Object]"] = 50`);
m1[obj89] = 60;     logMessage("m1[obj89] = 60;",       `m1["[object Object]"] = 60`);
logValue(`m1[-1]`,                  m1[-1]);                    // 0
logValue(`m1["-1"]`,                m1["-1"]);                  // 0
logValue(`m1[0]`,                   m1[0]);                     // 10
logValue(`m1["0"]`,                 m1["0"]);                   // 10
logValue(`m1[10]`,                  m1[10]);                    // 20
logValue(`m1["10"]`,                m1["10"]);                  // 20
logValue(`m1[[2,3]]`,               m1[[2,3]]);                 // 30
logValue(`m1["2,3"]`,               m1["2,3"]);                 // 30
logValue(`m1[[4,5]]`,               m1[[4,5]]);                 // 40
logValue(`m1[arr45]`,               m1[arr45]);                 // 40
logValue(`m1["4,5"]`,               m1["4,5"]);                 // 40
logValue(`m1[{a:6,b:7}]`,           m1[{a:6,b:7}]);             // 60
logValue(`m1[{a:8,b:9}]`,           m1[{a:8,b:9}]);             // 60
logValue(`m1[obj89]`,               m1[obj89]);                 // 60
logValue(`m1["[object Object]"]`,   m1["[object Object]"]);     // 60
logValue(`m1.length`,               m1.length);                 // undefined
logValue(`m1.size`,                 m1.size);                   // undefined
logSeparator();

logMessage("Keys of an array are coerced into their string representations");
const m2 = [];      logMessage("const m2 = [];");
m2[-1] = 0;         logMessage("m2[-1] = 0;",           `m2["-1"] = 0`);
m2[0] = 10;         logMessage("m2[0] = 10;",           `m2["0"] = 10`);
m2[10] = 20;        logMessage("m2[10] = 20;",          `m2["10"] = 20`);
m2[[2,3]] = 30;     logMessage("m2[[2,3]] = 30;",       `m2["2,3"] = 30`);
m2[arr45] = 40;     logMessage("m2[arr45] = 40;",       `m2["4,5"] = 40`);
m2[{a:6,b:7}] = 50; logMessage("m2[{a:6,b:7}] = 50;",   `m2["[object Object]"] = 50`);
m2[obj89] = 60;     logMessage("m2[obj89] = 60;",       `m2["[object Object]"] = 60`);
logValue(`m2[-1]`,                  m2[-1]);                    // 0
logValue(`m2["-1"]`,                m2["-1"]);                  // 0
logValue(`m2[0]`,                   m2[0]);                     // 10
logValue(`m2["0"]`,                 m2["0"]);                   // 10
logValue(`m2[10]`,                  m2[10]);                    // 20
logValue(`m2["10"]`,                m2["10"]);                  // 20
logValue(`m2[[2,3]]`,               m2[[2,3]]);                 // 30
logValue(`m2["2,3"]`,               m2["2,3"]);                 // 30
logValue(`m2[[4,5]]`,               m2[[4,5]]);                 // 40
logValue(`m2[arr45]`,               m2[arr45]);                 // 40
logValue(`m2["4,5"]`,               m2["4,5"]);                 // 40
logValue(`m2[{a:6,b:7}]`,           m2[{a:6,b:7}]);             // 60
logValue(`m2[{a:8,b:9}]`,           m2[{a:8,b:9}]);             // 60
logValue(`m2[obj89]`,               m2[obj89]);                 // 60
logValue(`m2["[object Object]"]`,   m2["[object Object]"]);     // 60
logValue(`m2.length`,               m2.length);                 // 11
logValue(`m2.size`,                 m2.size);                   // undefined
logSeparator();

/* Keys of a Map are NOT coerced into their string representations */
/* When retrieving a value from a Map, the key is compared by reference */
const m3 = new Map();   logMessage("const m3 = new Map();");
m3.set(-1, 0);          logMessage("m3.set(-1, 0);");
m3.set(0, 10);          logMessage("m3.set(0, 10);");
m3.set(10, 20);         logMessage("m3.set(10, 20);");
m3.set([2,3], 30);      logMessage("m3.set([2,3], 30);");
m3.set(arr45, 40);      logMessage("m3.set(arr45, 40);");
m3.set({a:6,b:7}, 50);  logMessage("m3.set({a:6,b:7}, 50);");
m3.set(obj89, 60);      logMessage("m3.set(obj89, 60);");
logValue(`m3.get(-1)`,                  m3.get(-1));                // 0
logValue(`m3.get("-1")`,                m3.get("-1"));              // undefined
logValue(`m3.get(0)`,                   m3.get(0));                 // 10
logValue(`m3.get("0")`,                 m3.get("0"));               // undefined
logValue(`m3.get(10)`,                  m3.get(10));                // 20
logValue(`m3.get("10")`,                m3.get("10"));              // undefined
logValue(`m3.get([2, 3])`,              m3.get([2, 3]));            // undefined
logValue(`m3.get("2,3")`,               m3.get("2,3"));             // undefined
logValue(`m3.get([4, 5])`,              m3.get([4, 5]));            // undefined
logValue(`m3.get(arr45)`,               m3.get(arr45));             // 40
logValue(`m3.get("4,5")`,               m3.get("4,5"));             // undefined
logValue(`m3.get({a:6,b:7})`,           m3.get({a:6,b:7}));         // undefined
logValue(`m3.get({a:8,b:9})`,           m3.get({a:8,b:9}));         // undefined
logValue(`m3.get(obj89)`,               m3.get(obj89));             // 60
logValue(`m3.get("[object Object]")`,   m3.get("[object Object]")); // undefined
logValue(`m3.length`,                   m3.length);                 // undefined
logValue(`m3.size`,                     m3.size);                   // 7
logSeparator();

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* *************************** *
 * Actual Benchmark: Interface *
 * *************************** */

/**
 * Conceptually equivalent to a dictionary mapping a pair (K1, K2) to V.
 * @template K1 The type of the 1st value of the key pair.
 * @template K2 The type of the 2nd value of the key pair.
 * @template V The type of the element associated with the specified key pair.
 */
class Cache {
  /**
   * Returns a specified element from the Cache object. If the value that is
   * associated to the provided key pair is an object, then you will get a
   * reference to that object and any change made to that object will
   * effectively modify it inside the Cache.
   * 
   * @param {K1} key1 The 1st value of the key pair.
   * @param {K2} key2 The 2nd value of the key pair.
   * @returns {V | undefined} Returns the element associated with the specified
   * key pair. If no element is associated with the specified key pair,
   * undefined is returned.
   */
  get(key1, key2) {
  }

  /**
   * Adds a new element with a specified key pair and value to the Cache.
   * If an element with the same key pair already exists, the element will be
   * updated.
   * 
   * @param {K1} key1 The 1st value of the key pair.
   * @param {K2} key2 The 2nd value of the key pair.
   * @param {V} value The element associated with the specified key pair.
   * @returns {Cache<K1, K2, V>} Returns this Cache object.
   */
  set(key1, key2, value) {
    return this;
  }
}


// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* ********************************** *
 * Actual Benchmark: Implementation 1 *
 * ********************************** */

/**
 * @augments {Cache<K1, K2, V>}
 */
class TwoLevelMapDict {
  constructor() {
    /** @type {Map<K1, Map<K2, V>>} */
    this.map = new Map();
  }

  get(key1, key2) {
    const map2 = this.map.get(key1);
    if (undefined === map2) {
      return undefined;
    }
    return map2.get(key2);
  }

  set(key1, key2, value) {
    let map2 = this.map.get(key1);
    if (undefined === map2) {
      map2 = new Map();
      map2.set(key2, value);
      this.map.set(key1, map2);
    } else {
      map2.set(key2, value);
    }
    return this;
  }
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* ********************************** *
 * Actual Benchmark: Implementation 2 *
 * ********************************** */

/**
 * @augments {Cache<K1, K2, V>}
 */
class TwoLevelArrayDict {
  constructor() {
    /** @type {V[][]} */
    this.map = [];
  }

  get(key1, key2) {
    const map2 = this.map[key1];
    if (undefined === map2) {
      return undefined;
    }
    return map2[key2];
  }

  set(key1, key2, value) {
    let map2 = this.map[key1];
    if (undefined === map2) {
      map2 = [];
      map2[key2] = value;
      this.map[key1] = map2;
    } else {
      map2[key2] = value;
    }
    return this;
  }
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* ********************************** *
 * Actual Benchmark: Implementation 3 *
 * ********************************** */

/**
 * @augments {Cache<K1, K2, V>}
 */
class TwoLevelObjectDict {
  constructor() {
    /** @type {Object.<K1, Object.<K2, V>>} */
    this.map = {};
  }

  get(key1, key2) {
    const map2 = this.map[key1];
    if (undefined === map2) {
      return undefined;
    }
    return map2[key2];
  }

  set(key1, key2, value) {
    let map2 = this.map[key1];
    if (undefined === map2) {
      map2 = {
        key2: value
      };
      this.map[key1] = map2;
    } else {
      map2[key2] = value;
    }
    return this;
  }
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* ********************************** *
 * Actual Benchmark: Implementation 4 *
 * ********************************** */

/**
 * @augments {Cache<K1, K2, V>}
 */
class OneLevelArrayDict {
  constructor() {
    /** @type {V[]} */
    this.map = [];
  }

  get(key1, key2) {
    return this.map[[key1, key2]];
  }

  set(key1, key2, value) {
    this.map[[key1, key2]] = value;
    return this;
  }
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* ********************************** *
 * Actual Benchmark: Implementation 5 *
 * ********************************** */

/**
 * @augments {Cache<K1, K2, V>}
 */
class OneLevelObjectDict {
  constructor() {
    /** @type {Object.<[K1, K2], V>} */
    this.map = {};
  }

  get(key1, key2) {
    return this.map[[key1, key2]];
  }

  set(key1, key2, value) {
    this.map[[key1, key2]] = value;
    return this;
  }
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* ***************************** *
 * Actual Benchmark: Algorithm 1 *
 * ***************************** */

/**
 * Returns the number of distinct ways that the integer {@link n} could be
 * written as a sum of integers in {@link sortedChoices}[0] (inclusive) to
 * {@link sortedChoices}[{@link k}] (inclusive). Each integer in
 * {@link sortedChoices} could be used zero or more times.
 * @param {number} n The integer.
 * @param {number} k The maximum index in {@link sortedChoices} allowed to be used.
 * @param {number[]} sortedChoices The integer array of choices, sorted in ascending order.
 * @param {Cache<number, number, number} cache The result cache.
 * @returns {number} The number of distinct ways descibed above.
 */
function countWaysToSumImpl(n, k, sortedChoices, cache) {
  let count = cache.get(n, k);
  if (undefined === count) {
    const newN = n - sortedChoices[k];
    // NOTE: The (newN < 0) branch should be unreachable.
    if (newN == 0) {
      count = 1;
    } else {
      count = 0;
      for (let i = 0; i <= k && newN >= sortedChoices[i]; ++i) {
        count += countWaysToSumImpl(newN, i, sortedChoices, cache);
      }
    }
    cache.set(n, k, count);
  }
  return count;
}

/**
 * Returns the number of distinct ways that the integer {@link n} could be
 * written as a sum of integers in {@link choices}. Each integer in
 * {@link choices} could be used zero or more times.
 * @param {number} n The non-negative integer.
 * @param {number[]} choices The array of postive integer choices.
 * @param {Cache<number, number, number} cache The result cache.
 * @returns {number} The number of distinct ways descibed above.
 */
function countWaysToSum(n, choices, cache) {
  // NOTE: If compareFn is ommited, the default one sorts the elements as string.
  const sortedChoices = [...choices];
  sortedChoices.sort((a, b) => a - b);
  let count = 0;
  for (let i = 0; i < sortedChoices.length && n >= sortedChoices[i]; ++i) {
    count += countWaysToSumImpl(n, i, sortedChoices, cache);
  }
  return count;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* ***************************** *
 * Actual Benchmark: Algorithm 2 *
 * ***************************** */

/**
 * 
 * @param {number[][]} triangle An array of array of non-negative integers.
 * @param {number} rowIndex
 * @param {number} colIndex
 * @param {Cache<number, number, number} cache The result cache.
 */
function getMinimumPathSumImpl(triangle, rowIndex, colIndex, cache) {
  const cachedMinPathSum = cache.get(rowIndex, colIndex);
  if (undefined !== cachedMinPathSum) {
    return cachedMinPathSum;
  }
  let minPathSum = triangle[rowIndex][colIndex];
  const nextRowIndex = rowIndex + 1;
  if (nextRowIndex < triangle.length) {
    const minPathSumL = getMinimumPathSumImpl(triangle, nextRowIndex, colIndex, cache);
    const minPathSumR = getMinimumPathSumImpl(triangle, nextRowIndex, colIndex + 1, cache);
    minPathSum += minPathSumL < minPathSumR ? minPathSumL : minPathSumR;
  }
  cache.set(rowIndex, colIndex, minPathSum);
  return minPathSum;
}

/**
 * 
 * @param {number[][]} triangle An array of array of non-negative integers.
 * @param {Cache<number, number, number} cache The result cache.
 */
function getMinimumPathSum(triangle, cache) {
  return getMinimumPathSumImpl(triangle, 0, 0, cache);
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

function randomInt(low, high) {
  if (high < low) {
    throw new Error(`high (${high}) is smaller than low (${low})`);
  }
  return Math.trunc(Math.random() * (high - low + 1)) + low;
}

function randomIntArray(lengthLow, lengthHigh, low, high) {
  if (lengthHigh < lengthLow) {
    throw new Error(`lengthHigh (${lengthHigh}) is smaller than lengthLow (${lengthLow})`);
  }
  if (high < low) {
    throw new Error(`high (${high}) is smaller than low (${low})`);
  }
  const length = randomInt(lengthLow, lengthHigh);
  const array = new Array(length);
  for (let i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
    array[i] = randomInt(low, high);
  }
  return array;
}

function randomIntArrayWithUniqueElements(lengthLow, lengthHigh, low, high) {
  if (lengthHigh < lengthLow) {
    throw new Error(`lengthHigh (${lengthHigh}) is smaller than lengthLow (${lengthLow})`);
  }
  if (high < low) {
    throw new Error(`high (${high}) is smaller than low (${low})`);
  }
  const numberCount = high - low + 1;
  if (lengthLow > numberCount) {
    throw new Error(`lengthLow (${lengthLow}) to high for range (${low} to ${high})`);
  }
  if (lengthHigh > numberCount) {
    lengthHigh = numberCount;
  }
  const size = randomInt(lengthLow, lengthHigh);
  const set = new Set();
  while (size !== set.size) {
    set.add(randomInt(low, high));
  }
  return [...set];
}

const n = randomInt(10, 1000);
const choices = randomIntArrayWithUniqueElements(1, n - 1, 1, n - 1);

const rowCount = randomInt(10, 20);
const triangle = [];
for (let rowIndex = 0; rowIndex < rowCount; ++rowIndex) {
  const row = randomIntArray(rowIndex + 1, rowIndex + 1, 1, 9);
  triangle.push(row);
}

Tests:

Algorithm 1: Implementation 1
countWaysToSum(n, choices, new TwoLevelMapDict());
Algorithm 1: Implementation 2
countWaysToSum(n, choices, new TwoLevelArrayDict());
Algorithm 1: Implementation 3
countWaysToSum(n, choices, new TwoLevelObjectDict());
Algorithm 1: Implementation 4
countWaysToSum(n, choices, new OneLevelArrayDict());
Algorithm 1: Implementation 5
countWaysToSum(n, choices, new OneLevelObjectDict());

Rendered benchmark preparation results:

Suite status: <idle, ready to run>

Previous results

Test case name	Result
Algorithm 1: Implementation 1
Algorithm 1: Implementation 2
Algorithm 1: Implementation 3
Algorithm 1: Implementation 4
Algorithm 1: Implementation 5

Fastest: N/A

Slowest: N/A

Latest run results:

Run details: (Test run date: 25 days ago)

User agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Browser/OS: Chrome 131 on Mac OS X 10.15.7

View result in a separate tab

Test name	Executions per second
Algorithm 1: Implementation 1	386605.0 Ops/sec
Algorithm 1: Implementation 2	809148.3 Ops/sec
Algorithm 1: Implementation 3	268512.2 Ops/sec
Algorithm 1: Implementation 4	37684.2 Ops/sec
Algorithm 1: Implementation 5	38789.2 Ops/sec

Autogenerated LLM Summary (model gpt-4o-mini, generated 26 days ago):

LLMs can make mistakes. Check important info.

The benchmark you provided tests the performance of two different methods for copying all elements from a `Set` to a new `Array` in JavaScript. The focus is particularly on the spread operator (`...`) and the `Array.from()` method. Both approaches achieve the same end result but are implemented in slightly different ways.

### Options Compared

1. **Spread Operator (`[...]`)**
    - **Syntax:** `const a = [...s];`
    - This uses the spread operator to expand the elements of the `Set` into a new `Array`.
    - **Performance Measurement:**
        - This is tested in two instances to reduce variance from the JavaScript engine optimizing repeated calls (i.e., warmup).

2. **Array.from() Method**
    - **Syntax:** `const a = Array.from(s);`
    - This method explicitly creates a new `Array` from an iterable object (in this case, a `Set`).
    - **Performance Measurement:**
        - Similar to the spread operator, this is also tested twice to mitigate any variance due to optimization or caching by the JavaScript engine.

### Pros and Cons

**Spread Operator (`...`)**
- **Pros:**
    - Clean and concise syntax that is often regarded as more readable.
    - Works well for copying elements from other iterable structures.
- **Cons:**
    - May not perform as well in certain older JavaScript engines, though this is generally not an issue in modern environments.

**Array.from() Method**
- **Pros:**
    - More explicit and may be more understandable to those who are less familiar with the spread operator.
    - Can accept additional arguments (a mapping function to apply to each element).
- **Cons:**
    - Slightly more verbose than the spread operator; therefore, less concise.
    - Performance may vary depending on how the JavaScript engine implements the method.

### Performance Results

The performance results from the benchmarks indicate that the spread operator had a slight edge in terms of executions per second:
- Spread operator: ~21,550,172 runs/sec (2nd instance: ~21,500,000 runs/sec)
- Array.from(): ~19,358,736 runs/sec (2nd instance: ~19,277,034 runs/sec)

### Considerations

- **JavaScript Engine Optimization:** Both methods may behave with different performance characteristics depending on the underlying JavaScript engine (e.g., V8 in Chrome, SpiderMonkey in Firefox). Running multiple tests reduces variance due to speculative optimizations, CPU caching effects, etc.
- **Use Cases:** When choosing between the two, consider the context of your application. If you plan on transforming elements while copying, `Array.from()` would be advantageous due to its mapping functionality.
  
### Alternatives

- **For Loop:** A traditional way to copy elements might involve using a for loop:
    ```javascript
    const arr = [];
    for (let item of s) {
      arr.push(item);
    }
    ```
    This can provide more control and may work better in specific use cases, although it is generally more verbose.

- **forEach Method:** Using the `forEach()` method of the `Set` could also be an option, although it would require additional processing to push each item into an array.
  
- **Map Method for Array Transformation:** If transforming elements while copying, utilizing the `map` method along with the spread operator or `Array.from()` also provides flexibility:
    ```javascript
    const arr = Array.from(s).map(x => /* transform x */);
    ```

In conclusion, both the spread operator and `Array.from()` fulfill the task well, with slight differences in performance and readability. The choice between them may depend on specific project requirements and team preferences.

Related benchmarks:

Please ignore this benchmark (version: 25)

This is a just a template for my other benchmarks.

Comparing performance of: Algorithm 1: Implementation 1 vs Algorithm 1: Implementation 2 vs Algorithm 1: Implementation 3 vs Algorithm 1: Implementation 4 vs Algorithm 1: Implementation 5

Created: 27 days ago by: Registered User

Jump to the latest result

Algorithm 1: Implementation 1

Algorithm 1: Implementation 2

Algorithm 1: Implementation 3

Algorithm 1: Implementation 4

Algorithm 1: Implementation 5

Suite status: <idle, ready to run>

Experimental features:

Fastest: N/A

Slowest: N/A

Autogenerated LLM Summary (model gpt-4o-mini, generated 26 days ago):